mGinger - Make money
14 years ago
Thursday, September 4, 2008
Mutual Funds : Learn more about it
Open-end Funds
All mutual funds fall into one of two broad categories: open-end funds and closed-end funds. Most mutual funds are open-end. The reason why these funds are called "open-end" is because there is no limit to the number of new shares that they can issue. New and existing shareholders may add as much money to the fund as they want and the fund will simply issue new shares to them. Open-end funds also redeem, or buy back, shares from shareholders. In order to determine the value of a share in an open-end fund at any time, a number called the Net Asset Value (described below) is used. You purchase shares in open-end mutual funds from the mutual fund itself or one of its agents; they are not traded on exchanges.
Closed-end Funds
Closed-end funds behave more like stock than open-end funds; that is to say, closed-end funds issue a fixed number of shares to the public in an initial public offering, after which time shares in the fund are bought and sold on a stock exchange. Unlike open-end funds, closed-end funds are not obligated to issue new shares or redeem outstanding shares. The price of a share in a closed-end fund is determined entirely by market demand, so shares can either trade below their net asset value ("at a discount") or above it ("at a premium"). Since you must take into consideration not only the fund's net asset value but also the discount or premium at which the fund is trading, closed-end funds are considered to be more suitable for experienced investors. You can purchase shares in a closed-end fund through a broker, just as you would purchase a share of stock.
Net Asset Value (NAV)
Open-end mutual funds price their shares in terms of a Net Asset Value (NAV) (note that you can calculate NAV for a closed-end fund too, but it will not necessarily be the price at which you buy or sell closed-end shares). NAV is calculated by adding up the market value of all the fund's underlying securities, subtracting all of the fund's liabilities, and then dividing by the number of outstanding shares in the fund. The resulting NAV per share is the price at which shares in the fund are bought and sold (plus or minus any sales fees). Mutual funds only calculate their NAVs once per trading day, at the close of the trading session.
Public Offering Price (POP)
The public offering price (POP) is the price at which shares are sold to the public. For funds that don't charge a sales commission (or "load"), the POP is simply equal to the Net Asset Value (NAV). For a load fund, the POP is equal to the NAV plus the sales charge. As with the NAV, the POP will typically change on a day to day basis.
Dividends and Capital Gains Distributions
Mutual funds earn money on their investments through one of two ways: dividend income and capital appreciation. In other words, a mutual fund makes money on one of the fund's assets when that asset pays the mutual fund dividends or interest, or when the mutual fund sells the asset for more than what it initially paid (if it sells the asset for less than what it initially paid, then that is called a capital loss). The federal government mandates that all mutual funds distribute these dividends and capital gains to the fund's shareholders at least once per year. Most mutual funds choose to distribute their investment income on a quarterly, semi-annual or annual basis.
In order to determine which shareholders qualify for distribution payments, mutual funds specify a day during each distribution period that is known as the record day. If you own shares in a fund on or before the record day you qualify for a distribution. The day after the record day is known as the ex-dividend date. If you purchase shares on the ex-dividend date then the amount of the distribution is subtracted from the fund's net asset value (NAV) per share.
You should be aware that if you receive distributions from a mutual fund then you must pay taxes on them, regardless of how long you have owned shares in the fund and regardless of whether or not you received the distributions in the form of cash or in the form of new shares. In January of every year, mutual funds issue Form 1099-DIV to all of their shareholders as well as to the IRS in order to report income on distributions.
Mutual Fund Family
A mutual fund family is a group of mutual funds that is managed by the same company. It is usually easy to switch money between mutual funds that are part of the same family. Additionally, most fund families make monitoring multiple investments easier, and make tax time easier, by aggregating the information from the various funds for you.
Share Classes
Mutual funds shares are sometimes broken down into lettered "classes" that have different characteristics. Here's a brief rundown of some commonly used designations:
• A: Shares that have a front-end load.
• B: Shares that have a back-end load.
• Y: Shares for institutional investors; no front-end load.
• Z: Shares for employees of the mutual fund.
Dual-Purpose Fund
As with some stocks, certain closed-end funds distinguish between common shareholders and preferred shareholders -- these funds are called dual-purpose funds. As the name suggests, common shareholders receive all distributions from capital gains, while preferred shareholders receive all dividend and interest income. These funds have a set expiration date, at which time all preferred shares in the fund are redeemed, giving the common shareholders sole ownership of the fund. Those shareholders then decide whether to liquidate the fund and divide up the proceeds or to convert the fund into an open-end mutual fund.
All mutual funds fall into one of two broad categories: open-end funds and closed-end funds. Most mutual funds are open-end. The reason why these funds are called "open-end" is because there is no limit to the number of new shares that they can issue. New and existing shareholders may add as much money to the fund as they want and the fund will simply issue new shares to them. Open-end funds also redeem, or buy back, shares from shareholders. In order to determine the value of a share in an open-end fund at any time, a number called the Net Asset Value (described below) is used. You purchase shares in open-end mutual funds from the mutual fund itself or one of its agents; they are not traded on exchanges.
Closed-end Funds
Closed-end funds behave more like stock than open-end funds; that is to say, closed-end funds issue a fixed number of shares to the public in an initial public offering, after which time shares in the fund are bought and sold on a stock exchange. Unlike open-end funds, closed-end funds are not obligated to issue new shares or redeem outstanding shares. The price of a share in a closed-end fund is determined entirely by market demand, so shares can either trade below their net asset value ("at a discount") or above it ("at a premium"). Since you must take into consideration not only the fund's net asset value but also the discount or premium at which the fund is trading, closed-end funds are considered to be more suitable for experienced investors. You can purchase shares in a closed-end fund through a broker, just as you would purchase a share of stock.
Net Asset Value (NAV)
Open-end mutual funds price their shares in terms of a Net Asset Value (NAV) (note that you can calculate NAV for a closed-end fund too, but it will not necessarily be the price at which you buy or sell closed-end shares). NAV is calculated by adding up the market value of all the fund's underlying securities, subtracting all of the fund's liabilities, and then dividing by the number of outstanding shares in the fund. The resulting NAV per share is the price at which shares in the fund are bought and sold (plus or minus any sales fees). Mutual funds only calculate their NAVs once per trading day, at the close of the trading session.
Public Offering Price (POP)
The public offering price (POP) is the price at which shares are sold to the public. For funds that don't charge a sales commission (or "load"), the POP is simply equal to the Net Asset Value (NAV). For a load fund, the POP is equal to the NAV plus the sales charge. As with the NAV, the POP will typically change on a day to day basis.
Dividends and Capital Gains Distributions
Mutual funds earn money on their investments through one of two ways: dividend income and capital appreciation. In other words, a mutual fund makes money on one of the fund's assets when that asset pays the mutual fund dividends or interest, or when the mutual fund sells the asset for more than what it initially paid (if it sells the asset for less than what it initially paid, then that is called a capital loss). The federal government mandates that all mutual funds distribute these dividends and capital gains to the fund's shareholders at least once per year. Most mutual funds choose to distribute their investment income on a quarterly, semi-annual or annual basis.
In order to determine which shareholders qualify for distribution payments, mutual funds specify a day during each distribution period that is known as the record day. If you own shares in a fund on or before the record day you qualify for a distribution. The day after the record day is known as the ex-dividend date. If you purchase shares on the ex-dividend date then the amount of the distribution is subtracted from the fund's net asset value (NAV) per share.
You should be aware that if you receive distributions from a mutual fund then you must pay taxes on them, regardless of how long you have owned shares in the fund and regardless of whether or not you received the distributions in the form of cash or in the form of new shares. In January of every year, mutual funds issue Form 1099-DIV to all of their shareholders as well as to the IRS in order to report income on distributions.
Mutual Fund Family
A mutual fund family is a group of mutual funds that is managed by the same company. It is usually easy to switch money between mutual funds that are part of the same family. Additionally, most fund families make monitoring multiple investments easier, and make tax time easier, by aggregating the information from the various funds for you.
Share Classes
Mutual funds shares are sometimes broken down into lettered "classes" that have different characteristics. Here's a brief rundown of some commonly used designations:
• A: Shares that have a front-end load.
• B: Shares that have a back-end load.
• Y: Shares for institutional investors; no front-end load.
• Z: Shares for employees of the mutual fund.
Dual-Purpose Fund
As with some stocks, certain closed-end funds distinguish between common shareholders and preferred shareholders -- these funds are called dual-purpose funds. As the name suggests, common shareholders receive all distributions from capital gains, while preferred shareholders receive all dividend and interest income. These funds have a set expiration date, at which time all preferred shares in the fund are redeemed, giving the common shareholders sole ownership of the fund. Those shareholders then decide whether to liquidate the fund and divide up the proceeds or to convert the fund into an open-end mutual fund.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
